Steve Jobs leadership and management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Steve Jobs leadership and management - Essay Example The success of businesses in the global market is strongly depended on their ability to identify the needs of customers and to develop product/ services that best respond to these needs. This fact is reflected in the strategies of firms, which own an important share of their industry; these firms tend to prioritize their targets in order to ensure that risks are minimizing. In all cases it has been proved that the ability of firms to develop competitive plans is related to their leaders. Of course, managers are highly involved in such initiatives but it is mainly the leader of each firm who sets the rules on which organizational strategies will be based – taking into consideration the mission of the organization but also the market’s pressures and the resources available. On the other hand, there are leaders who can perform higher compared to their counterparts in most organizations internationally. These leaders are known as charismatic leaders and can respond to organ izational issues and challenges requiring either leadership or managerial skills. Steve Jobs is one of these leaders. Four resources of different characteristics have been employed in this paper in order to explain the leadership skills of Steve Jobs not just regarding his work in Apple but also regarding his contribution in the development of leadership, as a factor influencing the performance of organizations operating in all industries. The article of Conaty and Charan, published in 2011, explains analytically the characteristics of leadership style of Steve Jobs. On the other hand, a report published by the Stanford News referring to Steve Job’s Commencement Address in 2005 has been considered as valuable including Steve Job’s personal views on the facts, which most influenced his leadership style. A recent financial statement of Apple has been also used in order to indicate the firm’s performance, under the influence of Steve Job’s leadership style. Finally, the article of Thoma published in 2010 in regard to the leadership style of Steve Jobs has been included in th e resources of this paper as it emphasizes on the management skills of Steve Jobs, an issue which should be also discussed when evaluating the involvement of Steve Jobs in organizational issues which are normally handled by leaders but also in those which are likely to be handled by managers. The leadership style of Steve Jobs can be characterized as unique even if it can be partially related to existing leadership theories. The key advantage of Steve Jobs compared to the leaders of most organizations seems to be the following one: Steve Jobs can ‘identify the product that appeals to the customers and act decisively’ (Conaty and Charan, online article). The specific fact is reflected in the following tale – referring to Steve Jobs’ first participation in the board meeting of Apple. It is noted that after entering the room, Steve Jobs focused on the company’s products, which were set on display and ‘began taking them down, one at a time; when h e was done, only four were left’ (Conaty and Charan, online article). He explained that only these products, among the firm’s products, could help the firm to develop a competitive advantage towards its rivals. The above tale reflects the approach of Jobs in highlighting the products on which Apple should invest for

Types of contraception Essay Example for Free

Types of contraception Essay There are many different types of contraception available on the market today. Each type of contraception offers different advantages and disadvantages, and is not a one size fits all thing. Each person has different needs that need to be considered with choosing their birth control, and some people may choose to not be on any sort of birth control. Religion and differing views may also play a factor in choosing a type of birth control. Tina and Dan are a newly married couple who, prior to marriage, practiced abstinence, and are hoping to start a family within a year. There are many different types of birth control for them to choose from, though the two options that may be best are either a low hormone birth control pill or a condom. The advantage of a birth control pill is that it can be highly effective, and when a couple is not concerned with sexually transmitted infections, it can help to regulate periods, reduce cramping, and is over 99% effective when used properly. Also, a birth control pill can be stopped at virtually any time without serious repercussions, and once the pill is stopped, the woman can conceive during her next ovulation cycle. A disadvantage of the pill is that it is sometimes hard to remember to take, and missing even one dose reduces how effective it is. The other option is using condoms. Condoms have been said to lower both male and female sensation, and can tear, though this is rare. However, a condom is a very temporary form of birth control, and the protection is gone as soon as the condom is, allowing it to not interfere with fertility longer than the time it is worn. Linda is young and enjoys dating. She also enjoys intimacy with a long-term committed partner, but is not interested in being a single mother, or sexually transmitted infections. Linda should consider an inter-uterine device (IUD), the shot, condoms, or the implant. The benefits to the IUD and the implant are that they are long term birth control, and rarely effect fertility after being removed. However, they also do not protect against STI’s. The shot is an option that also does not protect against STI’s, but does last for 3 months. A condom protects against STI’s, but is only a one time usage. Linda may be best suited for using a combination of hormonal  birth control, combined with a condom to best protect herself against STI’s as well as pregnancy.

Time :: essays research papers

Time is perhaps man's worst enemy, beside himself. For countless eons, man has tried to fight the affects of time. For time brings change. They are inevitably linked in the same cosmic chain. No matter what you do, no matter the steps you take, time will always bring change. Time can bring on many types of changes. It can bring on physical change, such as a mountain being destroyed over time by erosion. Or, it can bring on emotional and physiological change, such as an army prisoner of war in a POW camp. But bear in mind, a person's physical surroundings can also serve to speed/slow/reduce/and even counteract the change. Change is not always for the worst. Some changes can be for the better. In THE SCARLET LETTER, Nathaniel Hawthorne, shows that as time goes by, Reverend Dimmesdale changes from a strong, hearty man to a weak and sickly one, but also given enough time (and some encouragement), he re-grows to once again be a strong man, perhaps more so than he was before.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As we first meet Author Dimmesdale, he was a '…young clergy man... His eloquence and religious fervor has already given the earnest of high eminence in he profession.'; (p. 62. 3rd paragraph)* The people loved and respected him. He was thought to be '…a godly pastor,';(p. 48) of Hester. But the people do not know his secret. They do not know the dark sin that he holds in the deep recesses of his heart. This causes him much pain. 'It is inconceivable, the agony whit which this public veneration tortured him! It was his genuine impulse to adore the truth, and to reckon all things shadow-like, and utterly devoid or weight or value, that had not its divine essence as the life within their life. Then, what was he? -a substance?- or the dimmest of all shadows?'; (page 131-123)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mr. Dimmesdale does all that he can in a vain attempt to rid himself of the guilt he hides inside. He whips himself, he fasts, and he even goes to the scaffold in an endeavor to alleviate his guilt. But all attempts fail and leads to more guilt and hence more chastising.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He is not cured from his guilt until he and Hester agree to leave the colony and return to England. 'The excitement of Mr. Dimmesdale's feelings, as he returned for his interview with Hester, lent him unaccustomed physical energy, and hurried him town ward at a rapid pace.

Tanning

Welcome to Four Seasons Tanning, the quintessential consultant for today’s salon owner. From the hottest new arrivals in lotions, to the most advanced tanning beds on the market, Four Seasons gives you everything you need to run a successful salon, and for those thinking of opening a salon. Four Seasons Sales and Service is the one source solution. Saving time and stress by putting decades of experience to work to help your salon profit. Four Seasons Sales and Service is a professional indoor tanning distributor with over twenty years of industry experience that was founded in 1983 by twin brothers, Ronnie and Johnny Allen. Ronnie’s wife owned a small beauty salon, and she decided to add tanning as an additional business. At that time, they were one of the few individuals in the area with any experience on tanning products and tanning equipment. The business started when Ronnie and Johnny worked on their own tanning beds and began to repair other salons in the area. Before long, they began carrying tanning products to help their clients achieve maximum tanning results, and teaching them how to properly take care of their skin while tanning. This was the largest and fastest growing part of the business. What began as a business promoting products and services out of the back of their truck rapidly grew into a large-scale warehouse operation that expanded to shipping nationwide. Four Seasons Sales and Service also have proven management in distribution of and consultation on tanning products, parts, services, and marketing advantages, while also staying well equipped with first-class investigative, design, and problem solving skills. The Allen brothers always reinvested in the company, and prided themselves on taking care of the heart of the business; their employees. Currently Four Seasons Sales and Service provide approximately two-hundred full time professional specialists that are friendly and efficient, and are dedicated to partnering with salon owners to help them achieve their very best. Four Seasons is proud to be the only employee owned company in the Indoor Tanning Industry. This means that Four Seasons' specialists and team members have the ability to share in our company's success. Throughout this paper, you will read and learn about a team of incredibly productive and highly motivated individuals that will settle for nothing less than excellence.

Five Ethical Principles for Research Essay

There are five general principles in the 2002 APA ethics code designed to â€Å"guide and inspire psychologists toward the very highest ethical ideals of the profession.† These principles include beneficence and nonmaleficence (i.e., benefit people and do no harm); fidelity and responsibility; and integrity, justice, and respect for people’s rights and dignity. The Belmont Report identified three basic ethical principles when conducting research: respect for persons, justice, and beneficence. The following are five basic ethical principles presented in the order of the general principles in the APA code that apply specifically to conducting biomedical and behavioral research with human participants. Principle 1: Beneficence and NonmaleficenceRepresenting the utilitarian tradition, this principle requires that researchers, using considerations such as those described above, strive to maximize potential benefits while minimizing risks of their research. Although the cost-benefit mandate seems straightforward, it is rarely unambiguous in practice because costs to participants and benefits to the profession and to society are difficult to accurately estimate in advance and no universally agreed-upon method or criteria exist for optimally balancing the two. Where questions arise related to the degree of risk, researchers are responsible for seeking ethical advice and implementing safeguards to protect participants. Risks that are identified in advance must be communicated to prospective research participants or their legal equivalent, and informed consent must be obtained (except in special cases approved by the IRB, such as research involving a placebo control, in which fully informed consent compromises a scientifically required research design). Sometimes research presents risks to groups of people or social institutions. No consensus exists for whether a representative can provide consent on behalf of a collective entity, but full compliance to Principle 1 requires sensitivity to this issue. Principle 2: Fidelity, Responsibility, and TrustThis principle requires researchers to establish and maintain a relationship of trust with research participants. For example, before individuals agree to participate in research, investigators must be clear and explicit in describing to prospective participants what they will experience and what consequences may  result from participation. Researchers also are obligated to honor all promises and commitments that are made as part of the agreement to participate. When full disclosure is not made prior to obtaining informed consent (e.g., information germane to the purpose of the study would compromise its validity), safeguards must be implemented to protect the welfare and dignity of participants. In general, procedures that involve concealment or deception in a research design can be implemented only after rigorous criteria for the necessity of such procedures are met and the study is approved by the IRB. (Such instances also require a thorough debriefing of participants at the conclusion of their participation.) When children or adults with limited understanding serve as participants, researchers must implement special protective safeguards. When unintended negative consequences of research participation occur, researchers are obligated to detect, remove, and/or correct these consequences and ensure that they do not persist over time. Understandably, past ethical breaches have resulted in what some describe as widespread mistrust of biomedical and behavioral research in contemporary society. Principle 2 requires researchers to make every effort to foster trust and avoid causing further public mistrust. Principle 3: IntegrityThis principle requires researchers to â€Å"do good science,† to truthfully report their results, to take reasonable steps to correct errors that are discovered, to present work that is their own (or to otherwise make appropriate citations), to take responsibility and credit only for work that is their own, to avoid â€Å"piecemeal publication† (i.e., submitting redundant analyses of a single data set for multiple publications), to share data on which results are published with other qualified professionals provided they seek only to verify substantive claims and do not use the data for other any other purpose, and to respect the proprietary rights of others engaged in the scientific enterprise. Principle 4: JusticeIn following this principle, researchers strive for two forms of justice. The first, distributive justice, requires psychologists to entitle all persons equal access to the benefits of research, as well as to ensure that the risks for harm from research are not disproportionately greater for a particular group or category of persons within society. The  second, procedural justice, refers to the adequacy of research procedures to ensure fairness, such as when easily accessible mechanisms are made available to participants to address any concerns they may have related to their participation in research. Researchers also are promoting Principle 3 when they attend to the special concerns of underrepresented groups in developing programs of research, so as to avoid continued underinclusion and lack of representation in the knowledge base. Principle 5: Respect for the Dignity and Autonomy of PersonsRepresenting the deontological tradition, this principle asserts that researchers respect research participants as human beings with intrinsic worth, whose participation is a result of their autonomous choices. The implications of this principle are far-reaching and relate to matters of obtaining informed consent, avoiding coercive and deceptive practices, upholding confidentiality and privacy, and preserving the selfdetermination of participants. In abiding by this principle, psychologists are also aware of and respect individual differences, including those influenced by gender, age, culture, role, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, religious identity, disability, linguistic background, economic status, or any other characteristic related to group membership. Ethical Conflicts and Decision MakingThe potential for ethical conflict is ubiquitous in biomedical and behavioral research. When making ethical decisions about research, it may be prudent to develop a systematic approach to reviewing all relevant sources of ethical responsibility, including one’s own moral principles and personal values; cultural factors; professional ethics codes, such as the APA code; agency or employer policies; federal and state rules and regulations; and even case law or legal precedent. A process-oriented approach to ethical decision making may involve some variation of the following: (1) writing a description of the ethically relevant parameters of the situation; (2) defining the apparent dilemma; (3) progressing through the relevant sources of ethical responsibility; (4) generating alternative courses of action; (5) enumerating potential benefits  and consequences of each alternative; (6) consulting with the IRB, relevant colleagues, and/or legal professionals; (7) documenting the previous six steps in the process; and (8) evaluating and taking responsibility for the results of the course of action selected. As previously mentioned, all research studies must be approved by the relevant IRB. However, approval of a research proposal by an IRB does not remove the mandate of ethical responsibility from the researcher. In making ethical decisions, researchers should consider the likelihood of self-serving bias that can lead to overestimation of the scientific value o f a proposed study and underestimation of its risks. ConclusionScientific research with human participants is an inherently ethical enterprise, and ethical conflicts in research are virtually inevitable. Researchers who exercise the privilege to conduct research with human participants bear the responsibility of being familiar with and abiding by the ethical principles and relevant rules and regulations established by their professional organizations and by federal and state governments. However, rigid application of rules is not a substitute for well-reasoned, responsible ethical decision making. bibliography American Psychological Association. Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. American Psychologist vol. 57 pp. 1060-1073 (2002). Bersoff, D. N. (Ed.). (2003). Ethical conflicts in psychology (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Miller, C. (2003). Ethical guidelines in research. In J. C. Thomas, ed. & M. Herson (Eds.), Understanding research in clinical and counseling psychology (pp. 271-293). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Office for Protection from Research Risks, Protection of Human Subjects. National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. (1979). The Belmont Report: Ethical principles and guidelines for the protection of human subjects of research (GPO 887-809). Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office. Sales, B. D., ed. , & Folkman, S. (Eds.). (2000). Ethics in research with human participants. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Sieber, J. E. Empirical research on research ethics. Ethics and Behavior vol. 14 pp. 397-412 (2004).

Importance of Business Mathematics in Mba Essays

Importance of Business Mathematics in Mba Essays Importance of Business Mathematics in Mba Essay Importance of Business Mathematics in Mba Essay The Community Development Transportation Lending Services, Inc. , CDTLS Insert your Business Logo Here (if you have one) Insert Your Business Name Here Phone Number Here DATE Table of Contents Purpose Statement1 Executive Summary1 Business Information1 Personal Financial Statement1 Business Description2 Business History2 Personnel and Organization2 Marketing Information3 Market Analysis3 Market Research3 Competitors4 Market Segments5 Target Market5 Marketing Mix Strategy5 Products/Services5 Promotions5 Distribution6 Pricing6 Suppliers6 Marketing Goals6Financial Information6 Use of Loan Money7 Start-Up Costs7 Profit and Loss Statement7 Cash Flow Information8 Balance Sheets8 Revenues vs. Costs8 Financial Projections8 Assumptions8 Growth Projections 9 Appendices9 Purpose Statement State the purpose of your business: what products you intend to manufacture, what services you intend to provide, and so on. Give a list of your goals for the business, with measurable, definite outcomes. Explain how you’ll measure your progress on each goal. * First goal, dates, measurements * Second goal, dates, measurements * Third goal, dates, measurementsIf you are starting a business and need to borrow money, state the amount of loan money you need, how much capital you have, how long you’ll need to pay the loan, the purpose of the loan, the results of the loan, and the collateral you’re putting up. Executive Summary Give a brief, concise overview of your business plan, including the company’s name, location, history, management, products, growth projections, and so on. Give the name, address, phone number, fax number, and e-mail address of a contact person inside your company. Business Information In this section you’ll give an overview of your business.Give your company’s name and location. Describe the building (you can also include a scanned photograph of it). State the nature of the business and what kind of business it is (partnership, private, public, whatever). Give the anticipated date the company will be open for business. List the names of the owners and how to contact them (addresses, phone and fax numbers, e-mail addresses). Personal Financial Statement If you are starting a business, briefly explain your current finances. You will need to include the last 3 years’ personal tax returns and authorize the lender to obtain a personal credit report.Business Description Give a detailed account of your business. List and explain the good characteristics of your business that will help you succeed. * First characteristic * Second characteristic * Third characteristic List the hours your business will be open. Give a brief overview of how you see daily operations running. Explain your accounting processes and quality-control systems. The types of information you give depend on what kind of business you run. Business History Give a history of your business. Who founded it and when? Why? Give the purchase or startup prices and reasons.Explain the market growth or sales trends that made this business possible. Personnel and Organization Overview the organization of your business. Explain how many people work for the company, what their job descriptions are, and their qualifications. You may want to include employee’s resumes. Explain your training and advancement programs. List departments/divisions, and so on, with responsibilities, and numbers of employees. * First department, responsibilities, # of employees * Second department, responsibilities, # of employees * Third department, responsibilities, # of employeesMarketing Information In this section you’ll describe the market your business competes in and your strategy for competing. Fill this in completely, as it can help you keep your goals in mind as you proceed with your business. Market Analysis Give concrete information about the market you intend to compete in: current situations, trends, projections [pic] Market Research Explain the market research you’ve done about each product and/or service you intend to provide. Give and explain industry analysis, customer information, and market share and suppliers. CompetitorsGive the names, locations, sales, and market share of your competitors in this market. [pic] List the competition’s strengths and weaknesses. Strengths * Competitor’s strength * Competitor’s strength * Competitor’s strength Weaknesses * Competitor’s weakness * Competitor’s weakness * Competitor’s weakness List your business’ strengths and weaknesses, and the advantages your business has. Strengths * Our strength * Our strength * Our strength Weaknesses * Our weakness and how to overcome it * Our weakness and how to overcome it. * Our weakness and how to overcome it. Advantages First advantage * Second advantage * Third advantage Market Segments Describe the market segments you plan to compete in. Give the demographics, geographical areas, and other information about the customers you want. Match your products’ features to the customers’ needs and wants. Target Market State the primary market you want to compete in. Give the demographics, geographical areas, and other information about the customers in that market. Describe and profile the businesses you want to sell to. Marketing Mix Strategy Give a narrative description of how you intend to market your products.List the different marketing methods and how much you will rely on each one. List each product or service and how much you will market it. Products/Services List what you will sell. Describe customer service plans, market positioning, inventory control, and quality standards for each product or service. * First product * Second product * Third product * Promotions Explain how you will promote your business. List what types of advertising you’ll use (media, direct sales, sale promotions, publicity campaigns, and so on). Distribution Explain how you plan to distribute your products or services.Will you use direct distribution? An established channel? Give facts about your business sitelocation, parking, security and so on. Give a floor plan of a store or warehouse. Identify any resellers, retailers, wholesalers, or suppliers you plan to work with. Pricing Explain your overall pricing policy. Estimate the average purchase amount. Describe sales terms and conditions. Explain any credit plans you intend to offer. Suppliers List the name, location, product, amount, and agreements you have with each of your suppliers. * First supplier * Second supplier * Third supplierMarketing Goals Give a list of your marketing goals for the business, with measurable, definite outcomes. Explain how you’ll measure your progress on each goal. * First goal, dates, measurement * Second goal, dates, measurement * Third goal, dates, measurement Financial Information In this section, you’ll describe the financial aspects of your business, including start-up costs and loan use (for beginning businesses), profits and losses, cash flow, and more. You should include current balance sheet and other legal financial documents if necessary. Use of Loan MoneyIf you are starting a business and giving this plan to the loan company, be sure to include information about how you intend to use the loan money: equipment, inventory, salaries, rent, facilities, and so on. | | | | |Use |Description |Amount | | | | | |First use |Explanation of use |$0. 0 | | | | | |Second use |Explanation of use |$0. 00 | | | | | |Third use |Explanation of use |$0. 00 | Start-Up Costs Explain the costs of starting the business.Give the amount of capital you put into the business, and where it came from. [pic] Profit and Loss Statement Attach a detailed profit and loss statement. Explain sales, cost of goods, operating expenses, and so on, that contributed to profits and losses. Show second and third years’ pro formas on attached sheet. Cash Flow Information Attach a detailed statement of cash flow in any business accounts. Show the beginning balance, sources of income, expenditures, ending balances. Show first year of cash flow on attached sheet Balance SheetsAttach current balance sheets. Explain current assets, fixed assets, liabilities, and equity. Show pro forma balance sheets for all years. Revenues vs. Costs List fixed and variable expenses against your income. Analyze how much you need to make to cover your costs. Financial Projections In this section, you will make financial predictions based on your company’s current performance and your marketing and business planning for the future. This will explain your numbers on your profit and loss statements and cash-flows. AssumptionsList and explain what you based your projections on (economic and market trends, competitors’ actions, new products, and so on). Be sure to explain what you took for granted as you began your projections. * First assumption * Second assumption * Third assumption Growth Projections Give areas of growth, estimates of the extent of growth, and factors influencing growth. List both internal (personnel, divisions, new products) and external growth (new markets, increased sales, geographic spread). * First factor * Second factor * Third factor Appendices Attach any balance sheets, resumes, spreadsheets, and so on.

Thom Mayne, Short Bio of an American Pritzker Winner

Thom Mayne, Short Bio of an American Pritzker Winner Thom Mayne has been called many things, from an uncompromising rebel to just plain difficult. Hes also been an academic, mentor, and prize-winning architect for many decades. Most importantly, Maynes legacy includes solving urban problems through connections and viewing architecture as a continuous process rather than a static form. Background: Born: January 19, 1944, Waterbury, Connecticut Education and Professional Training: 1968: Bachelor of Architecture, University of Southern California1978: Master of Architecture, Harvard University Graduate School of Design Professional: 1968-1970: Planner for Victor Gruen1972: Founder Morphosis, Culver City, California1972: Co-founder Southern California Institute of Architecture (SCI-Arc), Santa Monica, California Selected Buildings: 1978: 2-4-6-8 House, Venice, California1983: 72 Market Street Restaurant, Venice, CA (1986 AIA Merit Award)1986: Kate Mantilini Restaurant, Beverly Hills, CA1988: Cedar Sinai Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA1990: The Crawford Residence, Montecito, CA1991: Salick Health Care Office Building, Los Angeles, CA (1992 AIA Honor Award)1990: MTV Studios, Los Angeles, CA1995: The Blades Residence, Santa Barbara, CA1997: Sun Tower, Seoul, South Korea1999: Diamond Ranch High School, Pomona, California2002: Hypo Alpe-Adria Center, Austria2005: Caltrans District 7 Headquarters, Los Angeles, CA2006: Wayne L. Morse United States Courthouse, Oregon2007: U.S. Federal Building, San Francisco, CA2009: Float House, Make it Right Foundation2009: Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art, 41 Cooper Square, NYC2013: Perot Museum of Nature and Science, Dallas, Texas2014: Gates Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York2014: Emerson Los Angeles (ELA), Hollywood, CA2016: Hanking Center T ower, Shenzhen, China 2017: Bloomberg Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York Other Designs: 1981: Vietnam War Memorial Competition1990: Osaka Expo 90 Folly, Japan2000: New York Times Magazine Time Capsule competition2003: Silent Collisions, Belgium Awards: 1987: Rome Prize, American Academy of Design in Rome1992: Brunner Prize Award in Architecture, American Academy of Arts and Letters2004: Fellow of the American Institute of Architects (FAIA)2005: Pritzker Prize2009: President Obamas Commission on Arts and Humanities2013: AIA Gold Medal Thom Mayne In His Own Words: I have absolutely no interest in producing a building that just accommodates X, Y and Z function.- 2005, TED But basically, what we do is, we try to give coherence to the world. We make physical things, buildings that become a part in an accretional process; they make cities. And those things are the reflection of the processes, and the time that they are made. And what Im doing is attempting to synthesize the way one sees the world and the territories which are useful as generative material.- 2005, TED ...the idea that architecture is defined as single buildings- of whatever size- that can be plugged into a comprehensible, planned urban matrix is no longer adequate to address the needs of people adapting to a highly mobile and ever-changing urban society.- 2011, Combinatory Urbanism, p. 9 I have no interest at all in conceiving something in my brain and saying, This is what it looks like....Architecture is the beginning of something, because its- if youre not involved in first principles, if youre not involved in the absolute, the beginning of that generative process, its cake decoration....its not what Im interested in doing. And so, in the formation of things, in giving it form, in concretizing these things, it starts with some notion of how one organizes.- 2005, TED The practice of architecture, which has traditionally been aligned with permanence and stability, must change to accommodate and take advantage of the rapid changes and increased complexities of contemporary reality....combinatory urbanism engages the premise of continuous process over static form....- 2011, Combinatory Urbanism, p. 29 No matter what Ive done, what Ive tried to do, everybody says it cant be done. And its continuous across the complete spectrum of the various kind of realities that you confront with your ideas. And to be an architect, somehow you have to negotiate between left and right, and you have to negotiate between this very private place where ideas take place and the outside world, and then make it understood.- 2005, TED If you want to survive, youre going to have to change. If you dont change, youre going to perish. Simple as that.- 2005, AIA National Convention (PDF) What Others Say About Mayne: Thom Mayne has been, throughout his career, regarded as a rebel. Even today, after his recognized success as an architect of major building projects, requiring the management of a large office- Morphosis- and a world-wide practice, terms like maverick and bad boy and difficult to work with still cling to his reputation. Part of this is the attraction of the popular press, where he appears frequently, to anything racy and even slightly scandalous. Part of it is a sign of respect- we want our American heroes to be tough and independent, having their own ideals, charting their own paths. Part of it is, in Maynes case, simply true.- Lebbeus Woods (1940-2012), architect Maynes approach toward architecture and his philosophy is not derived from European modernism, Asian influences, or even from American precedents of the last century. He has sought throughout his career to create an original architecture, one that is truly representative of the unique, somewhat rootless, culture of Southern California, especially the architecturally rich city of Los Angeles. Like the Eameses, Neutra, Schindler, and Gehry before him, Thom Mayne is an authentic addition to the tradition of innovative, exciting architectural talent that flourishes on the West Coast.- Pritzker Architecture Prize Jury Citation Maynes architecture does not rebel against conventions so much as it absorbs and transforms them and moves on in a direction that demonstrates how buildings and the spaces they provide, both within and without, can engage the unpredictable yet highly tangible dynamics of the present. He accepts the conventional typologies- bank, high school, courthouse, office building- of the programs his clients hand to him, with a generosity that speaks of his respect for the needs of others, even those with whom he shares little in the way of outlook and sensibility.- Lebbeus Woods Sources: Whos Who in America 2012, 66th edition, vol. 2, Marquis Whos Who  ©2011, p. 2903; Biography, An Essay on Thom Mayne By Lebbeus Woods, and Jury Citation,  © The Hyatt Foundation, pritzkerprize.com; Thom Mayne on architecture as connection, TED Talk Filmed February 2005 [accessed June 13, 2013]; Combinatory Urbanism, Selected Introductory Material the New Orleans Urban Redevelopment chapter (PDF), 2011 [accessed June 16, 2013] Learn More: Combinatory Urbanism: The Complex Behavior of Collective Form by Thom Mayne, 2011Thom Mayne: U.S. Federal Office Building, San Francisco, Tom Piper and Charles Gansa, Directors, Landmarks in 21st Century American Architecture Series, Checkerboard Film Foundation, 2008 (DVD)Morphosis: Buildings and Projects

Majority Government in Canada

Majority Government in Canada The way Canada elects its representatives and head of government is different from the process we follow in the United States. Winning a majority of seats in the Canadian Parliaments House of Commons has different ramifications than winning a majority in the U.S. Senate or House of Representatives. In our presidential system, the head of state and the head of government is the same  person, and he or she is elected independently of the members of the American legislature (Senate and House of Representatives). But in a parliamentary system, theres a head of state and a head of government, and the head of government derives its power from the ruling party. In Canada, the head of state is the Queen, and the prime minister is the head of government. The ruling party determines who will be prime minister. So how does a party become Canadas ruling party? Majority Party Versus Minority Party in Canada The political party that wins the most seats in a general election becomes the governments ruling party. If that party wins more than half of the seats in the House of Commons or legislative assembly, then the party forms a majority government. This is the best-case scenario as far as a political party is concerned (but may not be ideal for voters, depending on how they voted), since it ensures they will be able to steer the direction of policy and legislation without much input (or interference, depending on your point of view) from other parties.  The parliamentary system of government makes party loyalty from Canadian politicians  all but assured. Heres why: A majority government can pass legislation and maintain the confidence of the House of Commons or legislative assembly to stay in power much more easily than a  minority government. Thats what happens when a party wins half or fewer than half of the seats in the House of Commons or legislative assembly.   In order to retain the confidence of the House of Commons and remain in power, a minority government has to work a lot harder. It will have to negotiate more frequently with other parties and possibly make concessions and adjustments in order to win enough votes to pass legislation.   Choosing Canadas Prime Minister The entire country of Canada is divided into districts, also known as ridings, and each one elects its representative in Parliament. The leader of the party that wins the most ridings in a general federal election becomes Canadas Prime Minister.   As head of the countrys executive branch, Canadas prime minister chooses the cabinet, deciding who should oversee the various government departments, such as agriculture or foreign affairs. Most of Canadas cabinet ministers come from the House of Commons, and occasionally one or two come from the Senate. The prime minister serves as chairman of the cabinet. Canadian federal elections are usually held every four years on the first Thursday in October. But if the government loses the confidence of the House of Commons, a new election may be called.   The political party which wins the second highest number of seats in the House of Commons becomes the official opposition party.   The prime minister and cabinet are the key decision-makers in Canadian government. Having a majority party makes their jobs much easier.

Llustrate this collaboration Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Llustrate this collaboration - Assignment Example Besides, these images served the purpose of arousing respect and reverence for their gods among the people. Egyptians were more concerned about the afterlife than their real existence on earth, which is evident from the above image featuring gods of the underworld realm (Acharya 233). In this image, the artist features Egyptians’ underworld gods (according to their ranks form left) whose core role encompassed determining the destinies of their dead people. The deities’ images varied based on their roles whereby the central image depicts Anubi god responsible for mummification process after death whereas the last or left image was Horus god (Acharya 237). The latter was a symbol of kingship in Egypt after the murder of the first god (Osiris) (Acharya 236). Instilling reverence and respect for their gods, artists by then depicted the gods sometimes having animal heads (Acharya 236). This also expressed their relationships with nature, which the living people depended mainly for survival. Hence, the gods possessed immense controlling power over both the people and the nature or land, which they inhabited (Acharya 237). Bilińska-Bohdanowiczowa’s image depicts one of the remarkable biblical stories concerning sons of Jacob’s rivalry, which prompted to the selling of Joseph (Garb 39). The image depicts the focal point of the entire account, which the artist chooses to feature. Hence, this arouses viewers’ thoughts concerning the Israelites’ origin and diverse chronological events that followed the depicted scene. In this image, art acts as an auxiliary medium meant to help the viewers understand, remember and relay the depicted information to the then numerous people (Shusterman 1). Therefore, Bilińska-Bohdanowiczowa via this image takes advantage of visual method, which is extremely effective compared to both reading and narration

Internet business and e commerce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Internet business and e commerce - Essay Example Some sites appeared to be stark and uninviting while others were warm and welcoming. The online selling world really represents a radical departure from traditional selling methods and although a relatively new selling model for most businesses, it appears as though the online store is the way of the future (Pellet 1996). Companies wishing to harness the power of the internet must be able to target their audience effectively while presenting an attractive, accessible and simple to use online â€Å"storefront† through which products can be market, advertised and sold. Sites which used a variety of color are naturally the ones that people are most drawn to. Some sites appear uninviting and therefore unappealing and the image one presents on a homepage plays an important role in attracting customers. While determining customer preferences may be difficult to gage, some website features are sure to attract customers more so than others. Pop-ups, running advertisements and other distracting features will probably do more to dissuade as opposed to reassure a customer interested in making an online purchase. From a personal perspective, I was drawn to sites in which photos of smiling people present; this made me instantly more comfortable and ready to shop! Sites that appeared to be user friendly and easy to navigate (with readily available hyperlinks to move from one section of the site to another) rated highly on my list and sites that used proper English as well as catchy phrases to attract my attention where also positively received. Sites which I had an immediate aversion to where sites in which the photos appeared to be distorted, they were too â€Å"busy† or if pop-ups immediately distracted my vision. Pop-ups, distracting advertisements, poorly positioned and distorted photographs, as well as unenticing language rank highly as the most distracting aspects

People tastes in digital culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

People tastes in digital culture - Essay Example This is a characteristic feature of modern times social networking sites, where people sitting in two different parts of the world are in contact yet people who are side by neighbors, or even in single apartment don’t get to know and hear from each other for days. The response and the approach observed by her is highly reflective of how the overall contacts are being handled and conducted in modern times. So much so, it has eliminated the need for traveling and seeing the people who are at other places. This technological shift has enabled watching and getting in touch with people who are not just across the border, but also across the ocean and across the continent. With technology taking over every domain of life and society, this trend is bound to increase its scope and everything and every individual is bound to become more digital in coming times(Turkle, 2011). Out of all it can be deduced that there is no digital divide yet there is a massive physical divide and it is bo und to get ripe and more visible as the technology penetrates more into our life with times ahead. Technology promises much more in times ahead and more isolation of human beings from one another is expected. The mankind has become dependent on the machine. Question 2: HOW DID HE DO IT? (Isaacson) While it is an understood fact that entire surrounding is occupied by digital gadgets and electronic devices, very few would deny the fact that what we are seeing today is mostly the contribution of certain individuals. While Bill gates is one of the most notable figure being celebrated and talked about in many corners all over the world, the man who is perhaps equally or slightly more responsible for the present day gadgets is none other than the man who is known by many names. The names which are of characteristics feature and precede his real world name. These include the name of being a pioneer, a proponent, a legendry man, an electronic device guru, an innovator, a visionary leader, a motivator. The names and list can go on, but these all define one man who was known as Steve Jobs by the world. From I Pod to I Pad to I pad 2, to I phone, all sum up the man’s performance and his contribution to the modern times gadgets(Imbimbo, 2011). All that we see today, all the gadgets that are in our hands, in our pockets, in our pouches, on our tables, on the walls, are all the gifts of the geniuses of one man himself. Starting the journey from a small garage, leading to a small company, followed by Atari development and further followed by venture collaboration with Apple Inc. This man never looked back, and he was gifted with qualities of geniuses, innovation, and creativity. He had the ability of thinking out of the box and outsmarting his competitors. Perhaps this is the sole reason, his inventions; his geniuses are still ruling the world and markets of technology despite his sad demise from this world. Apple I phone 5 was an example of this entire journey that w as recently being unveiled despite the demise of the man himself last year who has been behind this entire concept of innovation, smartness, ubiquity, sleekness, user friendliness and many other features and functions. Success is not the kind of door that can be opened only with one

Research project Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Project - Research Paper Example The method of building residential was standard in 1970s and the mid-1980s. It was fueled by some of the second era development which encouraged by Reagan tax laws. The laws created conducive situations for the investment of real estate. The rate of construction of rental apartment collapsed in the recent past divested the idea that home is sure-fire. However, recently, multi-family construction has inclined because of more vibrant rental alternative now that is single-family homes. The rise in the number of multi-unit residential apartments is evidence that investment the residential is profitable. Multi-family is becoming very intense now. Seemingly, a significant shift might be experienced whereby most people will prefer to move to multi-family homes instead of the single-family homes, in five to ten years to come. Proprietors will be compelled to change the type of residential. It I very clear that that there is market demand for multi-family residential building. Besides the increasing love for staying in residential multi-family residential buildings, formerly Metro laundry building is located in a strategic position. It is located on Agricola in a transitioning neighborhood and lends itself very attractive retrofit into a mixed-use building. The building will be separated into sections. The ground floor will be allocated for an upscale cafà © with the residential apartment located on the second floor. Making the building, a mixed-used building will be an excellent marketing strategy for tenant in the building, as most persons would always want to get some services near their area of residence. The building will provide them with a platform to enjoy the services sold on the ground floor. Valuation is the process of determining the market value of a property using various tools. Tools that can be I would use for assessment my property include sales comparison, cost, and

Consumer Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Consumer Law - Essay Example Consumer protection law is a part of law that regulates personal law relationships between consumers and the firms that sell those products. Consumer protection policies are designed to guarantee fair competition and the free exchange of truthful information in the market arena. These laws are established to prevent businesses that take part in fraud or particular unfair practices from getting an advantage over their competitors and can too offer additional protection for the inferior and those incapable of taking care of themselves. Consumer Protection policies are a type of government directive that protects the welfare of consumers. For instance, a government might require businesses to unveil detailed information concerning products; mainly in areas where safety or health of the public is a concern, like food. Consumer safeguarding is associated to the thought of "consumer rights" as well as to the creation of consumer organizations that assist consumers put together healthier choices in the marketplace. Misleading and deceptive practices are the world over. And the plan is to make the consumers to pay more than they ought to for goods and services, or make them pay for items they don't need. Irrespective of if its misleading advertising, erroneous assumptions, or absolute lies, the outcome is alike: they may pay over what they ought to for what they should get. The interests of consumer can also be protected through enhancing competition in the marketplace that directly and indirectly offer good and services to consumers, steady with economic competence. Consumer protection may too be asserted through non-government organizations and persons as consumer activism. Consumer protection deals with a wide variety of issues, such as privacy rights, product liability, unjust business practices, deception, misrepresentation, and some other consumer/business interactions. These laws handle credit repair, debt repair, goods safety, service and sales deals, bill collector ruling, turnoffs, pricing, utility consolidation, personal loans which may guide to bankruptcy and much more. In Europe, some particular restrictions have been positioned on the standard of party autonomy. Such restrictions naturally apply in circumstances where there occurs a qualified extend of disparity between the parties in regards of their individual negotiating powers. A significant example of such a state of affairs occurs when a business sells products to a consumer and the consumer is deemed as being in an inferior position than the business. Therefore, the jurisdictional regulations in Europe require that the vendor can only take legal action against the consumer in the state where the consumer is dwelling; whereas the consumer can at all times sue the seller in the consumer's state of residence. The EU is dedicated to enhancing the quality of life of its residents. Additionally to direct action to defend their rights, the Union guarantees that consumer interests are put into the EU legislation in every relevant policy field. Because of the sole market and the sole currency open operation borders, as utilization of the internet and electronic commerce develops and as the service division grows, it is significant that the almost 500 million people

Research project Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Project - Research Paper Example The method of building residential was standard in 1970s and the mid-1980s. It was fueled by some of the second era development which encouraged by Reagan tax laws. The laws created conducive situations for the investment of real estate. The rate of construction of rental apartment collapsed in the recent past divested the idea that home is sure-fire. However, recently, multi-family construction has inclined because of more vibrant rental alternative now that is single-family homes. The rise in the number of multi-unit residential apartments is evidence that investment the residential is profitable. Multi-family is becoming very intense now. Seemingly, a significant shift might be experienced whereby most people will prefer to move to multi-family homes instead of the single-family homes, in five to ten years to come. Proprietors will be compelled to change the type of residential. It I very clear that that there is market demand for multi-family residential building. Besides the increasing love for staying in residential multi-family residential buildings, formerly Metro laundry building is located in a strategic position. It is located on Agricola in a transitioning neighborhood and lends itself very attractive retrofit into a mixed-use building. The building will be separated into sections. The ground floor will be allocated for an upscale cafà © with the residential apartment located on the second floor. Making the building, a mixed-used building will be an excellent marketing strategy for tenant in the building, as most persons would always want to get some services near their area of residence. The building will provide them with a platform to enjoy the services sold on the ground floor. Valuation is the process of determining the market value of a property using various tools. Tools that can be I would use for assessment my property include sales comparison, cost, and

Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing - Essay Example However, it is common sight for the law keepers to have a red light burn the moment they find unaccounted money getting passed down somewhere. Money laundering in today's world happens mostly through the banks. Banks were expected to tighten their money movement specifications. But with the wide open internet all around it becomes tougher for the banks to manage and monitor what is the nature of movement and who is sending what to whom. The following section identifies the various methods adopted by the banks to ensure fair movement of money. Three points were the money laundering and terrorism related monetary transactions can be identified and monitored are: 1) entry of cash into the financial system 2) transfers to and from financial system and 3) cross border flows of cash. The following processes are adopted by the banks in order to monitor these three and control them: 1. 'Know your customer' rule. This was brought in during the heights of terrorist bombings on the aircrafts that every customer should be known and identified by the financial institutions. This would ensure that the customers are monitored and they are known if there is an uncanny behavior in any it is identified and monitored for further action1. This is for the existing customers. 2. 2. Movement of any transaction over PDS 10000/- in UK and an equivalent in other countries are monitored and suspicious cases are reported to the legal authorities for further action. This is a statutory requirement in most countries and stipulated in UN charter for fighting drug and crime2. 3. For the new customers, a proper identification should be established before any transaction with the intended person is made by a financial institution3. This should be an official identification document like a passport, birth certificate or such other means of identification. If the person is acting on behalf of a company or another person, then the identity of this person on whose behalf the transaction is being done is to be clearly established and identified to the maximum extent possible by the financial institution. 4. All financial institutions and cash dealers should establish a clear internal and hierarchical reporting structure of such occurrences in their office or during the course of their business. This should be implemented and followed up on a daily basis. 5. Under no circumstances should a financial company or a cash dealer shall allow opening and operating of an account in a false name. Even if no offence was committed by the account operator, the financial institution has committed an offence according to the law. 6. Countries are coming in heavily on cash movement either for import or for export or for any other purpose. Countries have made it clear that cash handling beyond a specific value is not accepted and can be seized at any port or place. It is essential that all the financial institutions abide by these laws. Now UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime) has issued a comprehensive legal framework for the member countries to follow to counter crimes including terrorism. 3. Lacuna in Controls Whatever be the methods that are adopted by the banks to identify such variations in the transactions, it is always found that people committing the

Ethical Policies Essay Example for Free

Ethical Policies Essay The first one I have chosen is technically referred to as â€Å"Bribery or 18 USC  § 201-Type Violations† is a law implemented to any individual who puts forward, pledges, or gives anything to a â€Å"public official† to pressure, manipulate, or persuade any â€Å"official act† (Department of Defense, 2006, n. p. ). It is a law which prohibits any â€Å"public official† to insist, ask for, or accept anything in exchange of performing an â€Å"official act† (Department of Defense, 2006, n. p. ). The second is technically known as â€Å"Conflict of Interest or 18 USC  § 208-Type Violations†, which prohibits any person working for the â€Å"executive branch of the United States Government† or any â€Å"independent agency of the United States† to play a part in the endorsement, authorization, censure, rendering of advice, arrest, contract, wherein he or she has a financial interest in (Department of Defense, 2006, n. p. ). Last but not least is technically referred to as â€Å"Misuse of Government-Owned Vehicles or 31 U. S. C.  § 1349†, which disallows the use of government-owned vehicles in â€Å"unofficial business†, meaning, transactions/travels/etcetera which are not authorized by the government (Department of Defense, 2006, n. p. ). Examples An example of â€Å"Bribery or 18 USC  § 201-Type Violations† is this: â€Å"A man who wanted to his visa to another country be approved as soon as possible and so he offered money and jewelries to the officer in charge of the approval and issuance of visa and because the officer in charge accepted it, he was charged with bribery† (Department of Defense, 2006, n. p. ). On the other hand, an example of â€Å"Conflict of Interest or 18 USC  § 208-Type Violations† is this: â€Å"A caterer, who is the wife of the mayor’s secretary, has been allowed to cater for the dinner meeting at the mayor’s office; the secretary ought to be charged here because he used the office the mayor to enter into contract with his wife, which apparently shows conflict of interest† (Department of Defense, 2006, n. p. ). Finally, an example for the â€Å"Misuse of Government-Owned Vehicles or 31 U. S. C.  § 1349† is this: â€Å"A regional director uses the government vehicle even after office hours to go to the casino, meet with realtors, or attend Rotary Club meetings† (Department of Defense, 2006, n. p. ). Possible Fines/Punishment for the Violation Meanwhile, if an individual is proven guilty with the first violation that I have chosen first, which is technically referred to as â€Å"Bribery or 18 USC  § 201-Type Violations†, the person may be obliged to pay a fine or he or she may be sent to prison for two (2) years or less, or he or she could be made to pay for the fine and at the same time may also be sent to prison (Cornell University Law School, n. d. , n. p. ). Similarly, if an individual is proven guilty with the second violation that I have discussed briefly, which is technically known as â€Å"Conflict of Interest or 18 USC  § 208-Type Violations†, the person may be obliged to pay a fine or he or she may be sent to prison for one (1) year or less, or he or she could be made to pay for the fine and at the same time may also be sent to prison (Department of Defense, 2006, n. p. ). With the last violation discussed, â€Å"Misuse of Government-Owned Vehicles or 31 U. S. C.  § 1349†, if an individual is proven guilty of it, he or she is given one (1) month suspension or more depending on how bad one’s case is (Department of Defense, 2006, n. p. ). A person proven guilty of the aforementioned may also be â€Å"removed from office† (Department of Defense, 2006, n. p. ). One Ethical Policy that I would Like to Change If given the opportunity I would like to make some changes with regards to the policy on the â€Å"Misuse of Government-Owned Vehicles or 31 U. S. C.  § 1349†. Since money is scarce nowadays, everyone should be obliged to save; including those in the government and one way to save is not to use government vehicles in unofficial businesses. The punishment should not be just suspension or being fired from work, guilty individuals should also be sent to prison so that they will serve as examples because if the punishment is as â€Å"light† or â€Å"easy† as getting fired or suspended then most employees will not really be prevented to violated this law. References Cornell University Law School. (n. d. ).  § 201. Bribery of Public Officials and Witnesses.Retrieved July 22, 2008 from http://www4. law. cornell. edu/uscode/uscode18/usc_sec_18_00000201-000-. html Department of Interior (2006). Department Manual. Retrieved July 22, 2008 from http://elips. doi. gov/elips/release/3712. htm Department of Defense. (2006). Encyclopedia of Ethical Failure. Retrieved July 22, 2008 from http://209. 85. 175. 104/search? q=cache:REUtRKuChKEJ:www. dod. mil/dodgc/defense_ethics/dod_oge/Encyclopedia_of_Ethical_Failures_2006_Full_Version. doc+Encyclopedia+of+Ethical+Failure. hl=enct=clnkcd=1gl=phclient=firefox-a

The Philosophy of Gift Giving

The Philosophy of Gift Giving The gift is primarily about the relationships being transacted, about the people involved in these transactions rather than the ceremonial giving and receiving of things (Carrier 1995: 19). Write an essay evaluating the role of alienable and inalienable goods in underscoring the importance of exchange transactions. In order for us to take an in depth look at the idea of gift giving and the relationships involved in such a ceremonial transaction we must first look at the people that are involved in the transaction. Not only must we look that the people but we must also focus on the affiliation between people and the actual object itself. Carrier himself states in his essay; Gifts and Commodities that Clearly there is much more in our relationship to objects than sheer utility (Carrier, 1995. 1), and thus proving to us that there we have a much more intimate relationship with material objects than we first imagined. This bond is deep enough that we even need material objects to define who we are sometimes, for example if a punk rocker claims to be a punk rocker he must dress according to the social image of a punk rocker and from there we can assume that persons identity and personality as a punk rocker. Carrier says himself that The corollary is that objects signify status identity and so consti tute a claim to status-group membership on the part of those who have them (Carrier, 1995. 2). Another major concept that is involved with both the relationship between humans and material objects and with the ceremonial act of gift giving is reciprocity. It shows us and defines to us the strength of the bond between people and material objects. It goes without a doubt that humans have a natural affiliation with objects as we all have a material need and it is through these objects that we can control these needs. Carrier states in his essay; Gifts and Commodities that Humans do have material needs, and objects can satisfy them (Carrier, 1995. 1). As I stated earlier we need material objects for a variety of reasons, one of which is for them help define and show our society both our identity and our personality. It is for this reason that we have such a deep connection with material objects, because as long as society continues to exist so will the need for material objects. However this essay, nor is Carriers essay, about the connection between people, identity and material objects but instead, as Carrier puts it, we are going to investigate the ways that objects are implicated in personal relationships, rather than seeing them in mass structures of meaning and identity (Carrier, 1995. 10). In order to get a full understand ing of such a topic we must first take a look at what is known as reciprocity, reciprocity is a term used to describe the exchange of goods and labour. It was separated into a few separate terms know as, generalized reciprocity, balanced or Symmetrical reciprocity and negative reciprocity. The term which most applies to the ceremony of gift giving is generalized reciprocity as it is described as the event of giving or sharing. It is defined as when a certain individual shares his expertise with another individual in his society who is in need of his goods or labour without expecting anything in return. However this does not define the event as reciprocal as the giver expects nothing in return, but this interaction is indeed reciprocal as the individual who gives his goods is overcome by such satisfaction in giving his services, and the fact that it creates a social bond between the giver and the receiver and that is what he attains in return for his goods or services. In modern day society this seems to occur mainly between parents and children or within married couples as there seems to be a certain amount of trust and social interaction involved between the people within the event. It is through these transactions with other people that also help define our identity, not just that material object itself. Carrier himself says that; Indeed, in some ways transaction creates the very identities of those involved in it. (Carrier. 1995. 35) These, reciprocal events help define our relationships with other people, as I said before through these events we can gain social bonds with people but we also need certain amount of social interaction with that same person before we can involve ourselves in such a transaction. What is also interesting about these transactions, and indeed very much present in the generalized reciprocity that I defined earlier, is that we are indeed a selfish race. We only give gifts so that we may receive something in return. In the context of generalized reciprocity we only give our goods and labour so that it can be returned in the feeling of gratitude and the formation of a social bond. Marcel Mauss states in his essay; The Gift that gifts are never free and as a selfish race we will always expect something in return as we only give so that we may receive. Mauss probably most famous question raised by his essay The Gift was; What power resides in the object given that causes its recipient to pay it back?, (Mauss, 1990. 3) an the answer seems to be simple enough. The Power lies not with the object itself but rather with the unspoken contract that it creates with the people involved in the transaction. The giver does not only give away some material abject but also gives a way a part of themselves with that object; this creates a strong bond between the giver and the item he gave away. Mauss himself says that the objects are never completely separated from the men who exchange them (Mauss, 1990. 31). Because of this bond between the gift and the giver the receiver has a certain obligation to return the favour to the giver in the form of a gift of the same, if not better value. Although the receiver is not under any law to return in such a manner and it is solely up to him if he returns the favour, the failure to reciprocate often results in the loss of social status and trust amongst his peers. Mauss describes an even greater consequence to the failure of the act of reciprocation, in Polynesia that failure to abide by the obligations of reciprocity results in the loss of mana which is a persons spiritual energy and source of power and wealth. Mauss breaks down the ceremonial event of gift giving into three separate stages and obligations; giving, rece iving and reciprocating. Giving is the step that is needed to maintain a social relationship, receiving is the act of acknowledging and accepting that social relationship and failure to accept results in the rejection of that relationship, and last is reciprocating as it shows ones honour and social status within the society. We can see this throughout the ethnography of the Kula ring and the Kula shells, whereby giving the shells away is just as important as receiving them for they are not meant to kept forever but instead passed on. Is saying this however we must also look at the concept of inalienability in reference to gift exchange as it plays a major part in both Mauss essay and the ceremonial act of gift-giving. An inalienable object is something that cannot be exchanged from one individual to another. Instead they have to be sold and the rights of ownership are then passed to the new owner, the object has therefore become an alienated item to the original owner as they no longer have the rights to that object however the concept of free gifts is a slightly different one. Instead of the owner selling the object and becoming completely alienated from the item given, the gift instead renders the item under loan. Therefore the original owner remains the rightful owner and this rightful ownership has the power to compel the recipient to return the favour. Carrier points out the same concept in his essay where he says that if he buys a bottle of wine in s hop it is now his and can do what he wants with it, inclu ding pouring it down the drain, however if his mother buys him a bottle of wine it is her choice for him and becomes a token of her affection towards him and in turn this makes it a part of her identity, he therefore could not simply throw it out like his own bottle of wine. This identity that we find in the object is also what Mauss calls the hau. The hau is what is known as the spirit of the gift, it lives inside the gift and has a deep connection with its original owner, and therefore the object is constantly trying to return to its rightful owner, increasing the obligation of the receiver to return the gesture of gift-giving. Because the gift is an inalienable object and the rights of ownership still belong to the gift giver, the favour must be returned by the receiver as the act of gift giving creates a contract between the people involved and that in turn creates a sort of gift giving social debt that must be repaid by the receiver. So then according to Mauss, if the free gift is not returned buy the receiver the act of gift giving therefore becomes a contradiction as if the gift is not returned it cannot create social ties because the demands of the obligations are not met. Mauss therefore believes that social solidarity is achieved through the concept of gift giving and the social relations that it creates. Carrier also raises the issues of alienation within his own essay as he tackles the concepts of the self and alienation. He shows us how some commodities and objects cannot be alienated from our selves as they are too closely linked with our identities. For example Carrier supposes to us that we cannot put our right to vote up for sale, as that is our constitutional right as a citizen to execute, and Carrier also says; Equally, one cannot sell ones decision on how to vote. (Carrier, 1995. 29) What he means here is that we cannot be told how or who to vote for in an election by somebody else in exchange for money. However Carrier does state that One can . . . give that decision as a gift (Carrier, 1995. 29). Carrier goes on to tell us that one cannot sell oneself as that would mean that we are putting ourselves up for slavery, which realistically one cannot do as one cannot alienate themselves from oneself, but one can sell ones labour ability. And again the same can be said for selli ng oneself sexually, as that is considered prostitution and punishable by the law, but one can give themselves sexually as a gift. What Carrier is trying to say is that one cannot be alienated from all aspects and the identity of their life, but through the act of gift giving, we can lend our insights, experiences and goods to our peers and those who need them in our society. But Carrier goes on to talk about these inalienable qualities and how they relate us to one another and not to our objects. Carrier says; My mother and I are linked by what our society sees as inalienable attributes. (Carrier, 1995. 31). What he is saying is that the blood bond between himself and his mother defines them and imposes on each of the obligation to interact and transact in certain ways and under certain circumstances. This then in turn can relate to the interactions between a gift giving relationship. Thus, gift transactors are social persons defined in significant ways by their inalienable positio ns in a structure of personal social relations that encompasses them. (Carrier, 1995. 31). And thus showing us how gift transactions help define who we are. In Carriers essay; Gifts and Commodities he states that; in many societies dominated by gift exchange that structure of kinship provides the basis of peoples identities and their relations with each other, and thus their obligations to transact with each other. What Carrier is trying to say her is that rather than our objects entirely defining who we are, the act of gift giving from person to person may be more important to our identities than the actual object we are giving. The relationship between the giver and the receiver is of utmost importance to their social relationship, the item in this context seems of little importance, for it is through these acts of gift giving and the obligations that ensue the actions that help us build our social relations. This is helped along by the inclusion of alienated objects and inalienable objects within a gift transaction, for both come with certain obligations where we sell and item so it becomes alienable or the object is entirely inaliena ble to us, both are connected to the relationship between the giver and the receiver, and building a social relationship between the two. It was Mauss who claims that it is these gift giving ceremonies that build the social solidarity of a culture.

one :: essays research papers

One flew over the cuckoo's nest One flew over the cuckoo's nest One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest For as long as time could tell, whenever and wherever there is a corrupt ruling system in place, there will always be an opposing force trying to over throw it. This ruling system can be a variety of things. In some cases it is the government, a boss, or basically anything or anyone that has some type of control or authority over something else or someone else. In some cases the opposition can successfully take over control of these corrupt systems, while in other incidents the opposition is pitifully pounded back to silence. In other cases, the opposing force will be beaten, but in their shadowy remains lye a path for future generations to follow. In the case of Mc Murphy and the Big nurses a power struggle, the opposition (Mc Murphy) gets beaten silent, yet his words will continue to ring throughout the halls of the ward. Mc Murphy has been made a martyr, and has ultimately stripped Big Nurse of her abused powers and paved the way for fellowmen to escape her entrapment. Based on the novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest by Ken Kesey, it seems that the authors' perspective on this issue is that the system in place during this time period is in need of change. Ken seems to like the revolutionist characteristics found in his main character, and emphasizes the idea of questioning the authority power. His belief seems to be that even if you are not successful in changing the system in entire, the effects of a person trying can still be very effective. In fact, if all you manage to accomplish is changing a small aspect of the system, it was still all well worth the fight. For as seen, the effects of a minor victory, ripple into much larger victories in the battles to come. As a revolutionist, you set an example for others to follow and in essence pave the way for others to follow. In One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, the main character, Randle Patrick McMurphy, fights to change the system in a mental hospital. McMurphy is very outgoing, loud, rugged, manly, a leader and a rebel. From the first couple scenes of the book, there is a constant power struggle between the patient's new found savior McMurphy, and the evil Nurse Ratchet who rules their wing of the hospital with an iron fist.

My Personnel Narrative

Personal Narrative Marathon- Unforgettable Moment On my right my mom was holding my hand tightly and giving me an advice to stay with my elder brother and his friend, Rushi, she was saying â€Å"Don’t let him go anywhere without you† to both of them as she was supposed to run separately from ladies section. They paid no attention to her because she said that just a few minutes ago. We were in one of the most important and famous marathons in Vadodara, India (first ever event held in the city)!!It became so popular as the fund raised from the event was supposed to be donated to cancer curing organizations and organizers made lots of publicity of the event. It was half past six and thousands of people gathered on an area land of thirty square miles. Hundreds of runners around the country and world participated in the marathon. The Marathon was divided into 5 miles, 10 miles and 21 miles. I was one of them participating in 5 miles running!! I was proud, showing off to my b rother that I went to a marathon at the age of 10 and he didn’t.In just 15 minutes the runners were going to start the greatest marathon in history (at least for me). The moment was coming closer and closer. My heart was beating very hard. It was a chilly, windy and most brisky day in the month November. It was November 22, 2010. I will always remember that date. Children shouting like birds, men talking about cricket and girls’ giggling made me think about one thing- Do people usually wake up at six in the morning to chat like a debate? The smell of the washed shirts as well as the sweat of the people was sharply irritating.I was amazed that people sweating on such a chilly day and before even starting the marathon. The morning was freezing cold-I was sneezing with a running nose. â€Å"Achoo!! † came one from me â€Å"We should have brought Razornax or something. It’s so cold. † Despite my irritation and cold I was excited. In the excitement, we didn’t realize that the event was not very safely organized at least for a 10 years boy!!! The Chief Minister of Gujarat was going to inaugurate the event and hence the security arrangement was very tight. The ground was filled with lots of policemen on top of maddening crowd.The exist of the Marathon to the track was extremely narrow and people were pushing from all around to take glimpse of the Chief Minister. I was just 200 yards away from the START line. My brother was on the right side trying to go to the left of me because Rushi was there. The minute he went there I stopped to ask him and someone pushed me from behind- Boom!! The next moment I was on the ground shouting,â€Å" Help, Shikhar, Rushi, police, help. † My brother came calling â€Å"Help, help. My brother is in trouble. †My brother had to continue running otherwise he would have fallen down.My leg was twisted and I remember my grazing touching the ground. My chest was almost choking. The sand wa s going in my nose, which made me cough hard and throw up. I controlled myself and a few minutes later I was up. A policeman was holding my hand. After a while I met a volunteer in the marathon who called my mom. He called my mom and she was very disappointed by the incident. When she was looking around to find me so I shouted as much energy I had, â€Å"Mom. She pointed toward my direction, upset and disappointed â€Å"This is the last time we are here in the marathon. We are not coming anymore. ,† said my mom sternly.We had to finish the marathon because there were no exits. I managed to walk with my mom in the totally messed up event. Afterward we found my brother and his friend at the end point. We told the whole incident to my grandparents and neighbours. That was really the last time we went to a marathon. This is just an incident, which happened to me and can happen to anybody if the safety norms are not followed properly in organizing suck a large scale event. Beside s the enjoyment and maintaining health, do you think marathons are good? It’s up to you- after reading this, would you like to watch a marathon?

Comparing Public School and Home School

If we are talking about schools, it seems like Public School and Home School don't sound so strange for us. Both of them are kind of schools which provide some benefits. They are all good schools. Although those schools are same good, as selective parents, you are supposed to be able to decide which school you should choose for your kids as a place where they continue their education. In deciding which school you will choose for your kids, you can consider the benefits your kids and your family will get from the school, the output you want your kids get after school, and many other things you should consider further.Truely, both Public School and Home School are means of education which help kids to achieve the goal of education, but those schools, Public School and Home School, have differences† (Pomadi,2007). First difference between Public School and Home School is about a question, † Who are in charge here? â€Å". In every school, including Public School and Home Sc hool, there are some people who are in charge of their students success in achieving education's aims. Who are the man in charge of Public School and Home School? In Public School, there are teachers, headmaster, and school staffs.They are people who are in charge of their students success in Public School. In the other side, people who are in charge of students success in Home School are not teachers, headmaster, or other staffs, but they are parents. In Home School, parents are the ones who are responsible for their kids success. Parents have important role in Home School, Just like teachers role in Public School. Second, if we are talking about differences between Public School and Home School, schedule will be one aspect that is quite different in Public School and Home School.The schedule in Home School is more flexible than schedule in Public School. In Home School, students (kids) can start their study whenever they want, for example, they can start to study at 8 a. m, 9 a. m , or whenever they are ready. They do not need to be afraid of being late because in Home School there is no specified time to start study (school). It is quite different from Public School where students have to be ready to study when the school bell rings at 7 a. m.Because of that, students of Public School have to come earlier to the school. It means that before 7 a. m they have to be ready in the school. In this case, if they come late, they will be punished by their teacher ecause 7 a. m is specified time where students have to be ready to study in Public School. In Public School, the schedule of subjects from Monday to Saturday change everyday. The schedule itself has been set by the school. Students have to obey and follow the schedule, and study the subjects based on the schedule given by the school.For example, on Monday they have Mathematic (2Ãâ€"45 minutes), Biology (2Ãâ€"45 minutes), English (2Ãâ€"45 minutes), and Civics (2Ãâ€"45 minutes) as their subjects, but on Tu esday they will have different subjects such as: Indonesian Language (2Ãâ€"45 inutes), Art (2Ãâ€"45 minutes), Geography (2Ãâ€"45 minutes), and Physics (2Ãâ€"45 minutes) as their subjects, and other different subjects in every different days. It is different from what we will find in Home School. If the student in Home school want to study English and Social Science for example, he/she will study those subjects that day.They will spend their time that day only to study those two subjects. How long he/she studies those subjects is not a big problem. Whether he/she will study English tor about 3 hours that day, or spend 2 hours to study about Social Science is up to him/ her. If the following day he/she still wants to study those subjects and he/she also wants to learn Mathematic as their additional subject that day, then he/she will get them again (English and Social Science), and learns Mathematic after those subjects finished. In Home School, this way is possible to do, but in P ublic School we cannot apply such way.So, that's why it is said that â€Å"the schedule in Home school is flexible† (Ensiklopedia,2011). Third, it is about uniform. In Public School, it is a must for the students to wear school uniform. If it is Elementary School, they wear white and red uniform. If it is Junior High School, they wear white and blue uniform. If it is Senior High School, they wear white and grey uniform. Their uniforms are usually two-piece; white shirt which is combined with skirt (for girls), or trousers (for boys), and sometimes in some Public Schools the uniforms are completed with tie.On the contrary, there is no certain rule for the students to wear uniform in Home School. There, they can wear shirt, T-shirt, skirt, trousers, or even Jeans are also permitted. They can wear everything they want as long as they feel comfortable wearing them when they are studying. Fourth, in Public School we know that one class is a big class that contains for about 30 to 40 students whereas the teacher who will conduct teaching and learning process in that class is only one in every subject. The opposite, there will only a teacher and a student who do teaching and learning process in Home School.Hence, the attention that the teacher can share to 30-40 students is really different from the attention that a teacher can give only for a student. Of course in Home School, a student will get 100% attention from his/her teacher, but in Public School teacher will try to share his/her attention to all his/her tudents as fair as he/she can. So, in this case, in Public School and Home School, the attention that the students can get from the teacher will totally different. Fifth is about curriculum. In Public School we cannot choose curriculum by ourselves. We just follow the curriculum which is used in that school.We also cannot choose subjects as we wish, because all subjects have been set by the school. This is different from Home School. In Home School we c an choose curriculum we want. We also can choose the subjects we want to learn and master them well. The subjects re usually adapted to the student needs. So, if we like to study Mathematic, and we want to master that subject than Science for example, we will spend more times to study that subject. If it is needed, we will reduce Science time or other subjects times, and use that times to learn more about Mathematic.The last is about some activities like flag ceremoney, Physical Education, and extra curricular. In Public School, we know that every Monday, all students, teachers, headmaster, and other school staffs hold flag ceremoney. It is a common ceremoney which is held by every Public School. Then, if we are talking about Physical Education in Public School, we will know that once in a week every students there have Physical Education on their schedule. Students learn to do some sports accompanied by their Physical Education teacher.One more thing is about extra curricular. We c an find such activitiy only in Public School. Usually, it is a must for every student to Join minimum 1 extra curricular that they are interested in. There are various kinds of extra curricular that students can choose in Public School, such as: football, dancing, badminton, music, as e all k tb , drawing, tennis, and so on. In Home School, however, we cannot tind such activities. There is no flag ceremoney in Home School every Monday, no Physical Education, and also no extra curricular.Thus, from the long explanation above, now we know that although Public School and Home School have the same function which is as means of education that can be used to help students to achieve education's aims, those schools still have some differences (Pomadi). Those differences can be seen from who take the responsible for the school, schedule system, uniform, umber of teacher and student in a class, curriculum, and the last is about some activities such as: flag ceremoney, Physical Education, and extra curricular.However, although those schools are different, they are still good schools which can create a well educated person who has high intelligentsia and civilized. Furthermore, after knowing the differences from those schools, we will be able to decide which one will be the best place that we will choose as a place for our kids to continue their education, because from those differences above, we will know some advantages and disadvantages of choosing one of those schools.

The Bombmaker

This was the part of the job that he hated, planting the bomb; any thing could go wrong. He checked his watch, 10:20, ‘good' he thought the train wasn't due for 20 minutes. He was putting the blue hold-all with the bomb in inside the tunnel. It was set to go in ten minutes. When he put it down he ran back to the car, his orders were to plant the bomb and make sure it went off with out a hitch. The bomb was meant to disrupt only not to kill or maim. He looked to the tunnel and to his horror he saw three school children about to pickup the bag and set off the bomb. He jumped out of his car and ran to the tunnel as fast as he could shouting â€Å"DON'T TOUCH THAT BAG.† It was too late. That was five years ago†¦ Andrea has always blamed her self for the accident. After that she left the IRA. They begged her not to leave, special branch begged her not to leave, but she was adamant she didn't want to make bombs any more. Present day It was 10:30 in Tokyo. Michael was on his way to Tokyo tower for a meeting with the triads. He decided that if he ever got out of this one alive he would go completely legit. When he got there he was patted down to make sure he was not wearing a wire. He was clean. â€Å"Well Michael we need a favour† said one of the triads â€Å"we need a building to be destroyed for the insurance we hear you know someone to do it.†(Michael is ex-IRA) â€Å"Yea I KNEW some one but I have lost contact with them† replied Michael â€Å"All you have to do is give us the address and we will get back in contact with them† said another triad. â€Å"Here is a picture of the building to be destroyed† It was an office block built in the 70's. The building looked as if it was going to fall on its own. Meanwhile 10,000 miles away in Southeast London Andrea Hayes was putting her 7-year-old daughter Sam to bed. â€Å"Its about time she went to bed, she's got school in the morning† â€Å"Yea what's on TV tonight† â€Å"Just a wild life documentary† â€Å"Ok† While they were talking they didn't hear people braking in the back door walking up the stairs to their daughters room. One of them stumbles â€Å"Quiet† the woman whispered â€Å"all we need to do is grab the kid and get out† So they crept carefully to the room picked the girl up and got out of the house without Andy or Jack hearing them. Andy woke up the next morning and went to get Sam up for school. When she got to her room she found a mobile with a post-it note on with her code name from the IRA and a phone number on. She left Jack in bed and went out back to call the number. â€Å"WHAT HAVE YOU DONE WITH MY DAUGHTER?† shouted Andrea â€Å"Calm down Andy your daughter will be fine as long as you do as we say.† â€Å"Ok† said Andrea calmer than before â€Å"what do you want me to do.† What followed were some instructions to go to London and wait on Baker Street for a brown ford transit. Just before she left for London she left a note for jack telling him to contact Frank Carter of special branch and tell him ‘they have got Brian' When she got to London she rented a hotel room to stay in till the pickup. Because the hotel was a short walk to Baker Street she was only waiting for 30 seconds before she bundled in to a van. â€Å"Who are you†¦Ã¢â‚¬ just as she was knocked unconscious About 3 hours later†¦ â€Å"W†¦w†¦where am I† asked Andrea groggily â€Å"You are in a house.† replied voice â€Å"wh†¦who are you† asked Andrea â€Å"You can call me Lisa† replied the Lisa â€Å"and what you will doing is building a 2000 pound fertiliser bomb† â€Å"WHAT† exclaimed Andrea â€Å"YOU WANT ME TO DO WHAT† â€Å"yes we know it sounds a bit big, but we think you can pull it off† â€Å"Ill need help, and materials do I get them† enquired Andrea â€Å"of course you do, just write up a shopping list and ill send these two to get it all† Lisa said pointing to two big strong men called wrestler and boxer. So she set to work putting together the bomb While this was happening 300 miles away at home†¦ Jack was just waking up seeing the he jumped out of bed and ran downstairs to see if Sam had gone to school when he saw the note. It said ‘Jack call special branch and ask for Frank Carter and say they've got ‘Brian.' Who was ‘Brian' what did she have to do with special branch. While all this was running through his head one big question was where is Andy and where is Sam. He instantly grabbed the phone and called the police to get through to special branch. â€Å"Frank Carter does not work for special branch any more,† said the operator. â€Å"Well then could you call him and say they've got Brian† (A clicking sound) â€Å"What do you know about ‘Brian?'† said another voice â€Å"Nothing my wife left me a note to say that to Frank Carter.† â€Å"Stay there we will come and get you† â€Å"Ok† Meanwhile Andrea was nearing completion of the bomb â€Å"How is it going† asked Lisa

Central African Republic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Central African Republic - Essay Example Reports from humanitarian organizations providing assistance to the multitudes of displaced and wounded natives reveal the prevalence of countless human rights violations perpetrated by the conflicting parties. Understanding the etiology of ethnic conflict in the Central African Republic entails analyzing possible factors that instigated upheaval between natives in the region (Bouchard). Ethnic violence in the region predates the recent December 2012 violent attacks beginning in one year after the current President Franà §ois Bozizà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s ascent to power in 2003. Michel Djotodia, leader of the UFDR based in the Northeastern region of the country instigated the Bush War, which involved indiscriminate violent attacks against the central government and its allies. Fighting spanned three years and finally ended in April 2007 after the signing of a peace treaty between rebel forces and the central government in Birao. All involved parties agreed to honor terms stipulated in the tre aty and work towards reconciliation. These included integration of rebel fighters into the central government’s army, a legitimization of UFDR, and provision of amnesty for the rebels affiliated with the UFDR. Amendments to the treaty occurred in 2009 resulting in the formation of a unity government and the setting of precise dates for the preceding local and presidential elections. Initially, both parties honored the terms of the agreement until President Bozizà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s re-election whereby, he returned to his inhumane treatment of the civilian population living in the country’s northern region. Torture, extra-judicial killings, and brutality against women and children propagated by the central government’s army became rampant in the northern region.

Ancient History of Egyptian Medicines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Ancient History of Egyptian Medicines - Essay Example Egyptians are considered to be one of the few dynasties to have lived healthy lifestyles. Their average life expectancies have been estimated to be thirty to thirty six years. A few outliers could be traced to have lived more than sixty years as well. A few prominent examples include Kings Pepy II and Ramesses II (Musso, 2005). Egyptians have for long relied on prayer, magic and a jewelry which they usually hung about the neck and thought to be a magical protection from diseases to find cure of any illness present. They have never really taken diet as a source of cure. Milk products were seldom consumed as was the seeds or oil. Moreover, their belief in magic has produced effective results not because of the magic itself but the belief that it could cure illness. Ingredients were chosen because they were devised from substance, plant or animals which resembled condition of the patient. Only because of this rationale that many patients were given strong drugs which affected their heal th in a negative direction. For instance, an ostrich egg is included in the treatment of a broken skull, and an amulet picturing a hedgehog which might be used against baldness.Egyptians doctors or more commonly known as doctor cum priest-physicians were known to specialize in treating different constituents of the body, which aligned believes about different Gods governing specific parts of the body. Usually, doctors were called as ‘sunu’, which was written with an arrow-shaped symbol.